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Origin · 3 tellings · Pan-India
Indra's strange birth
A dialogue hymn in which the unborn Indra refuses the usual way of birth, is hidden by his mother, deserted by the gods and brought Soma by a falcon.
Who is in it
Indra the child and the grown god Vishnu the friend asked to stride out Tvashtri in whose house the newborn drinks Soma Vritra the foe he goes to kill
Texts: Rigveda
The story, beat by beat
A voice urges the unborn child to be born by the ancient path and not destroy his mother. The child refuses and says he will come out from the side. His mother has carried him a thousand months and many autumns. Thinking him a reproach, his mother hides him; he rises by himself and fills earth and heaven. He drinks Soma in Tvashtri's house. The mother points to the shouting rivers her son set free by killing Vritra. She says she cast him away, and that the waters were gracious to him. She tells him the gods forsake him; he asks his friend Vishnu to stride out. A voice asks who made his mother a widow and who comforted him when he seized his father by the foot and slew him. Indra says he once cooked a dog's entrails in need, found no comforter among the gods, and then the falcon brought him Soma.
Where the tellings disagree The speakers are not marked in the hymn. The mother and father are not named; that the father is Tvashtri is Macdonell's inference. Griffith's online text prints 'Vritra' for 'Vishnu' in verse 11; a second edition confirms Vishnu.
birth abandonment mother and son soma
How it is told, place by place
Base telling · Primary text (translation)
Rigveda 4.18
Pan-India
All traditions
Thirteen verses of unmarked dialogue. The unborn Indra will not use the usual passage and comes out by the side. His mother, who bore him a thousand months, hides him as a reproach, yet he stands, clothes himself and fills the worlds. He drinks Soma at Tvashtri's. The mother speaks of the rivers her son freed and admits she cast him off. When the gods desert him before the Vritra fight he calls on Vishnu to stride out. He is asked who widowed his mother, since he took his father by the foot and killed him. He recalls cooking a dog's entrails in want until the falcon brought Soma.
Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 4.18; Rig Veda 4.18.11, text and translation (vedapath.app) § 4.18.11
Primary text (translation)
Rigveda 3.48
Pan-India
All traditions
A short hymn says that on the day he was born the young bull longed for Soma, that his mother poured it for him in his great father's house, and that from his birth Indra overcame Tvashtri, carried off the Soma and drank it from beakers.
What is different here: A willing mother who gives the Soma herself; Tvashtri is overcome, not merely the host; no hiding, no father-killing.
Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 3.48
Primary text (translation)
Vishnu Purana 1.15 (the later parentage)
Pan-India
All traditions
The Purana has no birth story for Indra. It lists Shakra among the twelve Adityas, the sons of Kashyapa by Aditi, daughter of Daksha.
What is different here: A genealogy in place of the story: named parents, eleven brothers, nothing of the side-birth, the hiding or the slain father.
The Vishnu Purana, tr. H. H. Wilson (1840) § 1.15
Sources: Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer; Rig Veda 4.18.11, text and translation (vedapath.app); The Vishnu Purana, tr. H. H. Wilson (1840)
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