Devalok
Legend · 2 tellings · Pan-India

Trita, the three-headed one and the blame

Who is in it

  • Trita Aptya slayer of the three-headed one, receiver of guilt
  • Indra urges him on and shares the deed
  • Vishvarupa Trishiras the three-headed son of Tvashtri
  • Tvashtri father of the slain
  • Agni spits on the waters from which the Aptyas rise
  • Dvita brother, receives rinsing water
  • Ekata brother, receives rinsing water
  • Ushas asked to carry bad dreams to Trita

Texts: Rigveda, Shatapatha Brahmana

The story, beat by beat

  1. Trita, in a cavern, seeks his father's intention and calls the weapons his kin.
  2. Urged on by Indra, he fights with his father's weapons.
  3. He slays the seven-rayed, three-headed foe and frees the cattle of Tvashtri's son.
  4. The next verse gives the same deed to Indra.
  5. Worshippers ask the gods and Dawn to carry evil deeds and bad dreams away to Trita Aptya.
  6. The Atharvaveda says the gods wiped sin on Trita and Trita wiped it on men.

dragon slaying scapegoat guilt dreams ritual origin

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Primary text (translation)

Rigveda 10.8, 2.11, 10.48, 10.99, 8.47 and Atharvaveda 6.113

Pan-India All traditions

Trita Aptya, in a cavern, knowing his father's weapons and urged by Indra, kills the three-headed, seven-rayed son of Tvashtri and frees his cattle; the next verse says Indra struck off the three heads. Elsewhere Indra hands Vishvarupa over to Trita, drives cattle from the dragon for him, and strengthens him to strike a boar with an iron-pointed shaft. In another hymn the Adityas and Dawn are asked to remove every evil deed and bad dream to far-off Trita Aptya, as a debt is paid off. An Atharvan charm says the gods wiped sin on Trita and he on mankind, and that it lies in twelve places.

Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 10.8.7-9; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 2.11.19; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 10.48.2; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 10.99.6; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 8.47.13-18; Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1895) § 6.113

Primary text (translation)

Shatapatha Brahmana 1.2.3.1-5

Pan-India All traditions

Agni, pulled by force from the waters where he hid, spits on them as an unsafe refuge; from this the Aptya gods Trita, Dvita and Ekata arise. They go about with Indra like a Brahman in a king's train. When three-headed Vishvarupa is to be killed they know of it, and Trita kills him; Indra, being a god, is free of the sin. People say those who knew should bear it and the sacrifice should wipe it on them, so the rinsing water is poured out for the Aptyas. They pass it on to whoever sacrifices without a gift to the priests, and so a gift of rice is ordained. The water is warmed and poured separately for each, by name.

What is different here:

Gives Trita a birth and two brothers; makes Trita alone the killer; explains the transfer of guilt and a detail of ritual (the rinsing water, the dakshina).

The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41) § 1.2.3.1-5

Sources: Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer; Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1895); The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41)

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