Devalok
In stone and bronze · 3 tellings · West India

The Elephanta bust: Trimurti or Sadashiva?

Who is in it

  • Shiva the three faces (Tatpurusha or Sadashiva, Aghora, Vamadeva)
  • Brahma popular reading of one face
  • Vishnu popular reading of the central face

Places: Elephanta Caves

The story, beat by beat

  1. A seven-metre three-faced bust fills the south wall of Elephanta's Cave 1.
  2. Popular guides and a UNESCO note call it Trimurti, one face for each god.
  3. Stella Kramrisch reads all three faces as aspects of Shiva: a feminine creator, a fierce destroyer and a serene central preserver of their balance.
  4. Most scholars follow Kramrisch and date the carving to the second quarter of the sixth century.

iconography misattribution

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Encyclopedia

Kramrisch reading

West India · Gharapuri, Mumbai harbour Shaiva

The great bust on the south wall of Cave 1 stands about seven metres high in basalt. In the reading most scholars accept, from Stella Kramrisch, the right face is Vamadeva or Uma, feminine and creative, holding a lotus bud; the left is Aghora or Bhairava, the moustached destroyer; the centre is Tatpurusha, who holds the positive and negative principles in balance. Carmel Berkson sees compassion and wisdom in the heads. Wikipedia's own Trimurti article calls the piece a Shaiva statement of Shiva's aspects rather than three gods.

Elephanta Caves — Wikipedia; Trimurti — Wikipedia

Scholarly

University of Mumbai Sadashiva reading

West India · Gharapuri Shaiva

The University of Mumbai's Sanskrit department goes a step further than Kramrisch: the bust is five-faced Sadashiva, two faces hidden in the rock, and the central face should be labelled Sadashiva rather than Tatpurusha.

What is different here:

Five faces rather than three; a different name for the central face.

Elephanta Sadashiva — University of Mumbai, Sanskrit Bhavan

Encyclopedia

Popular Trimurti reading

West India · Gharapuri All traditions

Guidebooks and a UNESCO description treat the three faces as Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, noting that the calm central face resembles Vishnu the preserver. This is the reading most visitors arrive with.

What is different here:

Three different gods rather than three aspects of one; the caption rule for the site is 'Sadashiva (often popularly called Trimurti)'.

Elephanta Caves — Wikipedia

Sources: Elephanta Caves — Wikipedia; Trimurti — Wikipedia; Elephanta Sadashiva — University of Mumbai, Sanskrit Bhavan

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