Devalok
Legend · 4 tellings · Pan-India

Pushan, guide of the dead

Who is in it

  • Pushan conducts the dead; uncovers the True
  • Agni gives the dead to the gods; asked for the good path
  • Savitr sets the dead where the pious dwell
  • Yama named with Pushan in the Upanishad prayer

Texts: Rigveda, Isha Upanishad

The story, beat by beat

  1. Pushan, guard of the world whose cattle are never lost, is asked to bear the dead hence.
  2. He hands the dead to the Fathers; Agni gives him to the gods.
  3. Ayu protects and Savitr transports him to where the pious dwell.
  4. Pushan knows all the realms and is asked to go before the living too.
  5. He was born on the far path between earth and heaven and travels both ways.
  6. The Atharvaveda asks for Pushan to carry us on the paths the goat has trodden.
  7. At the horse sacrifice Pushan's goat walks ahead of the horse and announces the sacrifice.
  8. In the Isha Upanishad a dying person asks Pushan to open the golden disc covering the face of the True.

death the path guide truth

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Primary text (translation)

Rigveda 10.17.3-6

Pan-India All traditions

May Pushan, guard of the world whose cattle are never harmed, bear you hence, for he has knowledge; may he give you to the Fathers and Agni to the gods. May Ayu protect you on the distant path and Savitr carry you to where the pious dwell. Pushan knows all these realms; may he lead us by the safest ways and go before us. He was born to move on distant paths, far from earth and far from heaven, and travels to both meeting places and returns with perfect knowledge.

Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 10.17.3-6

Primary text (translation)

Atharvaveda 18.2.53-55 and 7.9

Pan-India All traditions

The Atharvaveda's funeral book repeats the Pushan verses and adds a prayer to Agni and Soma, makers of paths, to send Pushan to carry the dead on the paths the goat has trodden. A separate short hymn (7.9) uses the same verses for a living traveller and ends with Pushan's right hand driving back what is lost.

What is different here:

Names the goat's path; shows the same verses used both for the dead and for lost property.

Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1895) § 18.2.53-55; Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1895) § 7.9

Primary text (translation)

Rigveda 1.162.2-4 (the goat before the horse)

Pan-India All traditions

At the horse sacrifice a dappled goat, the share of Pushan, is led in front of the horse. It goes straight on, bleating, to the place dear to Indra and Pushan, and announces the sacrifice to the gods.

What is different here:

Pushan's animal, not Pushan, is the guide; the one led is the sacrificial horse.

Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 1.162.2-4

Primary text (translation)

Isha Upanishad 15-18 (= Brihadaranyaka 5.15)

Pan-India All traditions

The face of the True is covered with a golden disc; Pushan is asked to open it so that the speaker may see. He is addressed as lone seer, Yama, Surya, child of Prajapati, and asked to spread his rays and gather them; the speaker sees his fairest form and says, I am he. Breath goes to the air, the body ends in ashes, the mind is told to remember what was done, and Agni is asked for a good path.

What is different here:

No journey to the Fathers: Pushan uncovers rather than conducts, and the prayer ends in identity with the person in the sun.

The Upanishads, tr. F. Max Muller (Sacred Books of the East 1 and 15) § isha.15-18; The Upanishads, tr. F. Max Muller (Sacred Books of the East 1 and 15) § brihadaranyaka.5.15

Sources: Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer; Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1895); The Upanishads, tr. F. Max Muller (Sacred Books of the East 1 and 15)

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