Devalok
Legend · 3 tellings · Pan-India

The Ribhus make four cups from one

Who is in it

  • The Ribhus the three brothers
  • Agni the gods' messenger
  • Tvashtri maker of the one cup
  • Savitr gives them immortality; their teacher (Brahmana)
  • Prajapati drinks on both sides of them (Brahmana)
  • Indra their friend at the third pressing

Texts: Rigveda

The story, beat by beat

  1. Agni comes to the sons of Sudhanvan; they fear they are accused of slighting the cup.
  2. Agni delivers the gods' order: make the one cup four, and share the sacrifice.
  3. They answer that a horse, a chariot, a cow and two rejuvenations come first.
  4. The eldest proposes two cups, the second three, the youngest four.
  5. They measure the wide cup with a rod and make four, bright as day.
  6. Tvashtri, seeing the four cups, hides among the wives of the gods and says 'Let us slay these men'.
  7. They take new names at the pressing, go to the gods and receive the third libation.

craft rivalry merit immortality

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Primary text (translation)

Rigveda 1.161, 4.33, 1.110, 1.20, 4.35

Pan-India All traditions

Agni brings the gods' command to the three brothers, who first deny blaming the cup and praise its wood. They list their other tasks, then debate two, three or four cups; the youngest's four is done. Tvashtri approves the plan in one hymn; in another he hides among the gods' wives and proposes killing them. The brothers take new names, go up to the gods and get the third pressing of Soma.

Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 1.161.1-9; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 4.33.5-6; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 1.110.3-5; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 1.20.6; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 4.35.2-3

Primary text (translation)

Aitareya Brahmana 3.30 and 6.12

Pan-India All traditions

The Ribhus won Soma-drinking among the gods by austerity. Agni with the Vasus drove them from the morning pressing, Indra with the Rudras from midday, the All-gods from the evening. Prajapati told Savitr, whose pupils they were, to drink with them; Savitr asked Prajapati to drink on both sides of them. The gods still loathed their human scent, so two verses are inserted round their hymn. Elsewhere Prajapati as father makes the mortal Ribhus immortal.

What is different here:

Austerity, not craft, earns the share; the gods resist; the 'human scent'; no cup and no Tvashtri.

Rigveda Brahmanas: the Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas, tr. A. B. Keith (1920) § AB3.30; Rigveda Brahmanas: the Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas, tr. A. B. Keith (1920) § AB6.12

Primary text (translation)

Brihaddevata 3.83-90

Pan-India All traditions

Ribhu, Vibhvan and Vaja, sons of Sudhanvan son of Angiras, become pupils of Tvashtri, who teaches them all his arts. Challenged by the All-gods, they make vehicles and weapons for every god: Brihaspati's cow, the Ashvins' three-seated car, Indra's bays, and at Agni's message the four cups. Tvashtri, Savitr and Prajapati summon the gods and grant them immortality; Indra drinks with them at the third pressing.

What is different here:

Makes Tvashtri their teacher and one of those who reward them; adds the challenge by the All-gods.

The Brhad-devata attributed to Saunaka, ed. and tr. A. A. Macdonell (Harvard Oriental Series 6) § 3.83-90

Sources: Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer; Rigveda Brahmanas: the Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas, tr. A. B. Keith (1920); The Brhad-devata attributed to Saunaka, ed. and tr. A. A. Macdonell (Harvard Oriental Series 6)

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