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Legend · 3 tellings · Pan-India

Saraswati and the Ashvins heal Indra

Who is in it

  • Indra the patient; later the guilty one
  • Saraswati healer; later the cleansing river
  • The Ashvins physicians of the gods
  • Namuchi the Asura who takes Indra's strength
  • Brahma sends Indra to the Aruna (Mahabharata)

Texts: Shatapatha Brahmana, Rigveda, Mahabharata

The story, beat by beat

  1. Indra kills Vishvarupa; Tvashtri brings bewitched Soma and leaves Indra out.
  2. Indra drinks the Soma by force and his powers flow out of every limb.
  3. The powers become animals, grains and fruits: goat, ram, bull, horse, eagle, tiger, lion, barley, jujube.
  4. Namuchi takes what is left of his strength by means of sura liquor.
  5. The gods ask the Ashvins to heal him; they take the grey he-goat as fee.
  6. The gods call Sarasvati healing medicine; she takes the ram as fee.
  7. The bull is kept for Indra himself.
  8. The Ashvins and Sarasvati take the strength back from Namuchi and restore Indra; this is the Sautramani.

healing fee sacrifice guilt bathing

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Primary text (translation)

Shatapatha Brahmana 12.7.1

Pan-India All traditions

After Indra forces down Soma that Tvashtri had bewitched, his energies flow out of his limbs and become animals, plants and metals. Namuchi takes the remainder with sura. The gods ask the two Ashvins, as physicians, and Sarasvati, as healing medicine, to cure him; each asks a fee and receives the goat and the ram, the bull staying with Indra. The three take the power back from Namuchi and restore it. The rite built on this is the Sautramani. An earlier passage (5.5.4.16) says Sarasvati is speech and the cure was by speech.

The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41) § 12.7.1.1-14; The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41) § 12.7.2.3-7; The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41) § 5.5.4.16

Primary text (translation)

Rigveda 10.131.4-5

Pan-India All traditions

Two verses: the Ashvins drank Soma and helped Indra in his work against Namuchi; they stood by him as parents by a son, and Sarasvati tended him.

What is different here:

No story of the dissolving, no fees; the oldest and barest mention.

Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 10.131.4-5

Primary text (translation)

Mahabharata, Shalya Parva 43

Pan-India All traditions

Indra befriends Namuchi with an oath not to kill him with wet or dry, by night or day, then beheads him with foam in a mist. The head follows him crying that he has killed a friend. Brahma sends him to the Aruna, a stream the sages had purified and Sarasvati had filled with her water. Indra sacrifices and bathes at the confluence and is freed; the head falls into the same stream and Namuchi gains lasting worlds.

What is different here:

Indra is guilty, not ill; Sarasvati heals as a river bathed in, not as a physician; no Ashvins; the demon is also blessed.

The Mahabharata, tr. K. M. Ganguli (1883-96), sections read for the Vedic layer § shalya.43

Sources: The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41); Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer; The Mahabharata, tr. K. M. Ganguli (1883-96), sections read for the Vedic layer

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