Devalok
Legend · 3 tellings · Pan-India

Father Sky and Mother Earth

Who is in it

  • Dyaus the Father, the sky
  • Prithvi the Mother, the earth
  • Varuna by whose decree they stand apart
  • Surya travels between them

Texts: Rigveda

The story, beat by beat

  1. A poet praises Heaven and Earth at a festival as the parents whose children are the gods.
  2. He calls them Father and Mother who made the living world and keep all creatures safe.
  3. They are two bowls with the Sun travelling between them, a bull and a spotted cow.
  4. They are footless and motionless, yet they carry offspring that have feet and move.
  5. A poet asks which of the two is elder and how they were born; no answer is given.
  6. He asks them seven times to protect his people from fearful danger.
  7. He asks them to stay near as father and mother and to grant food.

parents sky earth marriage creation

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Primary text (translation)

Rigveda 1.159, 1.160, 1.185, 6.70

Pan-India All traditions

Heaven and Earth are praised as a pair: wise parents whose sons are the gods (1.159), two bowls between which the Sun travels, a bull and a spotted cow, made by the most skilful of the gods and set on pillars (1.160). Hymn 1.185 opens by asking which is elder and how they were born, says the footless pair bear footed offspring, and repeats a plea for protection through seven verses. 6.70 says they stand parted by Varuna's decree and drip with honey and fatness. 6.51.5 addresses Father Heaven and Mother Earth directly.

Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 1.159; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 1.160; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 1.185; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 6.70; Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 6.51.5

Primary text (translation)

Aitareya Brahmana 4.27

Pan-India All traditions

The two worlds were once together and then went apart. No rain fell and there was no heat, and the five peoples were not in harmony. The gods brought the two together and they performed the divine marriage. The earth quickens the sky with smoke and the sky quickens the earth with rain. The earth placed in the sky the place of sacrifice, seen as the dark in the moon; the sky placed salt in the earth, which is why herdsmen ask whether a pasture has salt.

What is different here:

Turns the timeless pair into an event: a parting, a drought and a remarriage arranged by the gods, with exchanged gifts. The Rigveda hymns have no parting story; they only say the two stand apart.

Rigveda Brahmanas: the Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas, tr. A. B. Keith (1920) § aitareya.4.27

Primary text (translation)

Atharvaveda 14.2.71: the wedding formula

Pan-India All traditions

In the Atharvaveda's wedding verses the groom tells the bride that he is the heaven and she is the earth, and that they will live together as parents of children to come. The first couple is used as the model for a human marriage.

What is different here:

Not a narrative: Heaven and Earth appear only as the pattern of husband and wife in a marriage verse.

Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1895) § 14.2.71

Sources: Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer; Rigveda Brahmanas: the Aitareya and Kausitaki Brahmanas, tr. A. B. Keith (1920); Hymns of the Atharva-Veda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1895)

More stories with the same people

From the epics

The Vasu Dyu steals Vasishtha's cow and is born as Bhishma

Dyu, one of the eight Vasus, steals the cow Nandini for his wife; Vasishtha curses the Vasus to human birth and Dyu to a full life on earth as Bhishma.

Legend

Aditi's earrings and the killing of Naraka

Naraka of Pragjyotisha steals Aditi's earrings; Krishna kills him and returns them, and Aditi blesses Krishna and Satyabhama.

Legend

Indra shares out the guilt of killing Vishvarupa

Indra beheads the three-headed priest Vishvarupa, carries the guilt for a year and divides it among earth, trees and women (and, later, water), each for a boon.

Origin

Vishvakarman, the maker of everything, and the king who gave away the earth

Rigveda 10.81-82 ask who made the world and from what wood; the Brahmanas tell of King Vishvakarman Bhauvana, whose gift of the earth the Earth refused.

Origin

Prajapati as the boar and the tortoise

In the beginning there is only water; Prajapati toils, wishing a world to be.

Legend

The hymn to the Earth

Atharvaveda 12.1 praises the Earth in sixty-three verses as mother; the Rigveda has a three-verse hymn and a funeral verse.

Legend

Prithu milks the Earth

King Prithu, son of Vena, makes the Earth yield grain by milking her as a cow; told as a cosmic milking in the Atharvaveda, a friendly one in the Mahabharata and a chase in the Puranas.

Festival story

The Earth rests for three days

In Odisha, Assam and Tulu Nadu the Earth is said to have her monthly rest once a year; for three days no one ploughs or digs.