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Legend · 4 tellings · Pan-India, South India, The Himalaya

Manu, the fish and the flood

Who is in it

  • Manu the man who rears the fish and survives
  • Prajapati the fish, named as Brahma Prajapati in the Mahabharata
  • Brahma the fish (Mahabharata)
  • Vishnu the fish (Puranas)
  • Mitra meets Manu's daughter
  • Varuna meets Manu's daughter

Places: Naubandhana · Texts: Shatapatha Brahmana, Mahabharata

The story, beat by beat

  1. A small fish comes into Manu's hands in his washing water.
  2. It asks to be reared and promises to save him from a coming flood.
  3. He keeps it in a jar, then a pit, then takes it to the sea.
  4. It names the year of the flood and tells him to build a ship.
  5. The flood rises; Manu ties the ship's rope to the fish's horn.
  6. The fish tows him to the northern mountain and tells him to descend as the water falls.
  7. All creatures are swept away; Manu alone remains.
  8. He offers butter, sour milk, whey and curds in the waters; a woman rises from it in a year.
  9. She refuses Mitra and Varuna and calls herself Manu's daughter; through her he begets the race of Manu.

flood fish rescue kindness repaid new beginning

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Primary text (translation)

Shatapatha Brahmana 1.8.1

Pan-India All traditions

The fish swims into Manu's hands at his morning washing, asks for protection because fish eat fish, and promises rescue. Reared in a jar and a pit and released in the sea, it grows into the largest of fish and names the flood year. Manu builds a ship, ties it to the fish's horn and is drawn to the northern mountain, where he moors to a tree and comes down as the water sinks. He alone survives. From his offering in the waters a woman rises, passes Mitra and Varuna, and declares herself his daughter and the blessing of the sacrifice; with her he brings forth the race of Manu. She is the ida offering.

The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41) § 1.8.1.1-11

Primary text (translation)

Mahabharata, Vana Parva 186

The Himalaya All traditions

Told by Markandeya. Manu son of Vivasvat does penance for ten thousand years in the Vishala jujube forest. A small fish in the river Chirini begs protection; he moves it from a jar to a tank, to the Ganga, to the sea. It tells him to build a ship with a long rope, board with the seven sages and all seeds, and look for a horned fish. It tows them for years to the highest Himalayan peak, since called Naubandhana, then declares itself Brahma, lord of creatures, and tells Manu to create all beings anew.

What is different here:

Manu is an ascetic; the seven sages and the seeds are aboard; the mountain is named; the fish reveals itself as Brahma Prajapati; no daughter and no ritual explanation.

The Mahabharata, tr. K. M. Ganguli (1883-96), sections read for the Vedic layer § vana.186

Primary text (translation)

Bhagavata Purana 8.24

South India · Dravida country, river Kritamala Vaishnava

The fish is Vishnu. King Satyavrata of the Dravida country finds it in his cupped hands in the river Kritamala; it outgrows pot, well, lake and sea in a day. It foretells the flood in seven days, sends a boat, and has the king tie it to its horn with the serpent Vasuki. A demon who stole the Vedas is killed. Satyavrata becomes the Manu of the present age.

What is different here:

The fish is Vishnu; the hero is a southern king; the boat is sent by the god; the theft of the Vedas is added.

Srimad-Bhagavatam (Bhaktivedanta Vedabase) § 8.24

Encyclopedia

Matsya Purana (as summarised)

South India Vaishnava

Manu does penance on the Malaya mountains and is granted the wish to save the world at its dissolution; he recognises the growing fish as Vishnu and ties the ship with a serpent.

What is different here:

Known here only through an encyclopedia summary; the Purana itself was not opened.

Wikipedia: Matsya

Sources: The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41); The Mahabharata, tr. K. M. Ganguli (1883-96), sections read for the Vedic layer; Srimad-Bhagavatam (Bhaktivedanta Vedabase); Wikipedia: Matsya

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