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Legend · 8 tellings · Pan-India

Urvashi and Pururavas

Who is in it

Texts: Rigveda, Shatapatha Brahmana, Vishnu Purana, Bhagavata Purana

The story, beat by beat

  1. Urvashi weds Pururavas on the condition that she never see him unclothed.
  2. She lives with him long and is with child.
  3. The Gandharvas, wanting her back, carry off the two lambs tied to her bed.
  4. She cries that there is no hero or man present.
  5. Pururavas springs up unclothed to chase the thieves.
  6. The Gandharvas send lightning; she sees him and vanishes.
  7. He wanders Kurukshetra and finds nymphs swimming as water birds on the lake Anyatahplaksha.
  8. He begs her to stay; she refuses and tells him to go home.
  9. She pities him and grants one night on the last night of the year.
  10. On her advice he asks the Gandharvas to make him one of them.
  11. They give him fire in a pan; left in the forest it becomes an ashvattha and a sami tree.
  12. He makes fire-sticks of ashvattha wood, offers in that fire and becomes a Gandharva.

love condition separation fire mortal and immortal

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Primary text (translation)

Shatapatha Brahmana 11.5.1

Pan-India All traditions

The Brahmana frames fifteen verses of the Rigveda dialogue in a prose story. Urvashi sets her terms; the Gandharvas steal a ewe's two lambs from her bedside; the king leaps up without his robe, lightning shows him, and she is gone. He finds her among bird-shaped nymphs on a lotus lake in Kurukshetra. After the quoted exchange she relents: one night at the year's end, in a golden palace. The Gandharvas grant his wish to be one of them through a fire kindled with two sticks of ashvattha wood.

The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41) § 11.5.1.1-17

Primary text (translation)

Rigveda 10.95

Pan-India All traditions

A dialogue of eighteen verses with no narrative frame. Pururavas asks his wife to stay and talk; she answers that she has gone like the first dawn and is as hard to catch as the wind. He threatens to wander off and die among wolves; she tells him not to die and says that friendship with women does not last. She recalls four autumns among mortals living on a little ghee, speaks of the son who will be born, and the closing verse promises him joy in heaven while his sons offer to the gods.

What is different here:

No lambs, lightning or lake birds are narrated; no condition is stated; there is no reunion on earth and no fire-sticks. The hymn ends with a promise of heaven.

Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer § 10.95

Primary text (translation)

Vishnu Purana 4.6

Pan-India All traditions

Urvashi comes to earth under a curse of Mitra and Varuna and marries Pururavas, son of Budha and Ila, on three terms: her two rams stay by the bed, she never sees him undressed, and she eats only ghee. After sixty-one thousand years the Gandharvas send Vishvavasu to take the rams. The king hesitates at the first theft and runs out with his sword at the second; lightning ends the marriage. At Kurukshetra she promises yearly meetings and bears five sons. A vessel of fire given by the Gandharvas turns into an ashvattha growing from a sami; from their wood he kindles fire, makes it threefold and reaches the Gandharva world for good.

What is different here:

Adds the opening curse, the ghee condition, rams instead of lambs, Vishvavasu by name, the long span of years, five sons and yearly meetings; sticks of ashvattha and sami measured by the Gayatri; Pururavas as founder of the three fires.

The Vishnu Purana, tr. H. H. Wilson (1840) § 4.6

Scholarly

Kalidasa, Vikramorvashiya

Pan-India All traditions

A five-act play. Pururavas rescues Urvashi and her friend from a demon and they fall in love. She drops him a verse on a birch leaf, which the queen finds. Acting in heaven, Urvashi speaks his name by mistake and is cursed to fall, the curse softened to last until the king sees their child. In a mountain forest she enters a grove closed to women and becomes a vine; the king, searching, finds the gem of reunion and she returns. Years later the hidden son Ayus is revealed, and a messenger from heaven allows her to stay for the king's lifetime.

What is different here:

No condition about being seen, no lambs, no lightning, no fire-sticks. New: the rescue, the queen, the stage curse, the vine, the gem, the hidden son, a happy ending on earth.

Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works, Arthur W. Ryder (1912), section "Urvashi"; Vikramorvasiyam - Wikipedia

Primary text (translation)

Brihaddevata 7.147-152

Pan-India All traditions

Indra, jealous of the king's life with Urvashi, tells the thunderbolt at his side to break their bond, and it does so by its craft. The king wanders distracted and sees her in a lake with five companions. He asks her to come back; she answers sadly that he cannot have her here and will have her again in heaven.

What is different here:

Indra and his bolt cause the parting, not the Gandharvas; five companions; the reunion is deferred to heaven.

The Brhad-devata attributed to Saunaka, ed. and tr. A. A. Macdonell (Harvard Oriental Series 6) § 7.147-152

Primary text (translation)

Bhagavata Purana 9.14

Pan-India All traditions

Urvashi, under the curse of Mitra and Varuna, hears the king praised in Indra's court and comes to him, entrusting two lambs to him. Indra, missing her in his assembly, sends the Gandharvas, who take the lambs at midnight. After the yearly meetings the Gandharvas give the king a girl named Agnisthali, whom he leaves in the forest; returning he finds an ashvattha grown from a sami and kindles fire from it.

What is different here:

Indra orders the theft; the fire vessel is a girl called Agnisthali; six sons.

Srimad-Bhagavatam (Bhaktivedanta Vedabase) § 9.14.15-28; Srimad-Bhagavatam (Bhaktivedanta Vedabase) § 9.14-summary

Primary text (translation)

Ramayana, Uttara Kanda 56

Pan-India All traditions

Urvashi tells Varuna that Mitra asked for her first, yet gives her heart to Varuna. Mitra in anger sends her to the world of men to be the wife of Pururavas, son of Budha. She bears Ayu and returns to Indra's world when the curse runs out.

What is different here:

Gives only the cause (Mitra's curse) and the outcome; no lambs, lake or fire.

The Ramayana of Valmiki, tr. Hari Prasad Shastri (1952-59), Uttara Kanda § uttara.56

Primary text (translation)

Mahabharata, Adi Parva 75

Pan-India All traditions

A genealogy note: Pururavas, son of Ila, brought the three sacrificial fires and the nymph Urvashi from the Gandharva world, had six sons by her beginning with Ayus, and was destroyed by the curse of sages whose wealth he had seized.

What is different here:

No love story; he is a greedy king who is cursed; six sons.

The Mahabharata, tr. K. M. Ganguli (1883-96), sections read for the Vedic layer § adi.75

Sources: The Satapatha-Brahmana, tr. Julius Eggeling (Sacred Books of the East 12, 41); Hymns of the Rigveda, tr. R. T. H. Griffith (1896), hymns read for the Vedic layer; The Vishnu Purana, tr. H. H. Wilson (1840); Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works, Arthur W. Ryder (1912), section "Urvashi"; Vikramorvasiyam - Wikipedia; The Brhad-devata attributed to Saunaka, ed. and tr. A. A. Macdonell (Harvard Oriental Series 6); Srimad-Bhagavatam (Bhaktivedanta Vedabase); The Ramayana of Valmiki, tr. Hari Prasad Shastri (1952-59), Uttara Kanda

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