Devalok
Legend · 2 tellings · West India

The army of clay (Shalivahana of Pratishthana)

Who is in it

Places: Pratishthana (Paithan), Ujjain (Mahakaleshwar) · Texts: Kalpa Pradipa, Prabandha Kosha, Puratana Prabandha Sangraha

The story, beat by beat

  1. A woman with a newborn son, fathered by a serpent king, is sheltered in the potters' quarter of Pratishthana.
  2. The boy shapes clay animals for the children and judges their quarrels so fairly that grown men notice.
  3. Vikrama of Ujjain hears of him, summons him, is refused, and marches on Pratishthana with his army.
  4. The boy shapes an army of clay soldiers, horses and elephants and sets them to dry by the river.
  5. His mother gives him the nectar the serpents left with her; he sprinkles it and the clay comes alive.
  6. The clay army routs the men of Ujjain; the town raises flags at every door for the boy's return.
  7. He is crowned Shalivahana and counts his years from that day, the first of the bright half of Chaitra; the gudi is that flag.

victory kingship new year festival

How it is told, place by place

Base telling · Popular retelling

Paithan's telling (Gudi Padwa)

West India · mr Folk Marathi 🪔 Gudi Padwa

A young man of the potters' settlement at Paithan, son of a Naga king and a Brahmin woman who left him in the village at birth, saves the city from King Vikrama of Ujjain with an army of clay toys that come alive when he sprinkles them with amrit. In another Marathi account he is a Nag-Kumar who refuses Vikram's summons, makes clay soldiers and animates them when the king's army comes. The people of Paithan hoist flags to welcome him home, his coronation year is reckoned as the Shalivahana era from 78 CE, and the gudi is told as the flag of that victory.

Mini Menon, Satavahanas: Deccan's First Empire Builders (Live History India / Peepul Tree, 2020); Meera Sasital, Significance of Gudi Padwa (Bhavan's Journal, 31 May 2020; eSamskriti); Gudi Padwa, Wikipedia

Scholarly

The Jain chroniclers: Kalpa Pradipa, Prabandha Kosha, Puratana Prabandha Sangraha

West India · pra Jain 🪔 Gudi Padwa

Satavahana is born to a Brahmin widow by Shesha, the Naga chief, who tells her to remember him in adversity; she lives in a potter's home and the boy is named for the clay animals he makes for children. His fame as a fair judge among the boys reaches Vikramaditya of Ujjain, who (in the Kalpa Pradipa) sends his vetala to find the child foretold to replace him, then marches with his army. The mother remembers Shesha, who gives a pot of nectar; the boy's earthen horses, elephants and soldiers come alive and beat Vikramaditya, who flees to Ujjain (variants: killed by an arrow, or marries his daughter to the boy). Satavahana rules at Pratishthana, begins his era and becomes a Jain; the chronicles add his commander Shudraka, Hala's seven hundred gathas, and Kalakacharya moving Paryushana for a King Satavahana at Pratishthana.

What is different here:

Shesha is named as the father and gives the nectar himself; the vetala; the Jain conversion; the enemy is always Vikramaditya, never the Shakas.

A. N. Upadhye, Lilavai (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966), introduction pp. 45 to 48: the Satavahana legends in the Jain prabandhas; Vikramaditya, Wikipedia (the Shalivahana legends and the Kalakacharya-katha)

Sources: Mini Menon, Satavahanas: Deccan's First Empire Builders (Live History India / Peepul Tree, 2020); Meera Sasital, Significance of Gudi Padwa (Bhavan's Journal, 31 May 2020; eSamskriti); Gudi Padwa, Wikipedia; A. N. Upadhye, Lilavai (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1966), introduction pp. 45 to 48: the Satavahana legends in the Jain prabandhas; Vikramaditya, Wikipedia (the Shalivahana legends and the Kalakacharya-katha)

More stories with the same people

Legend

Shesha, the serpent who holds the earth

Shesha, eldest of the thousand naga brothers, leaves them for their envy and malice and does austerities until his body dries to sinew; Brahma asks him to hold the unsteady earth, and he goes below and bears it on his head; the epic's last books show him leaving the dying Balarama as a white serpent going home to the sea.

Origin

The lotus from Vishnu's navel

During the dissolution Vishnu lies on the serpent Ananta in the cosmic waters.

Legend

Madhu and Kaitabha

Two demons born from Vishnu's ear-wax threaten Brahma and steal the Vedas; who saves the day depends on the sect — Vishnu as Hayagriva in the epic line, or the Goddess who must first leave Vishnu's body in the Devi Mahatmya.

Origin

Purusha and Narayana on the waters

The cosmic person of the Purusha Sukta and the Narayana who rests on the waters are fused into Vishnu's cosmic identity, pictured as Anantashayana.

Temple legend

Vayu and Shesha contend at Meru

The Wind and the serpent test their strength on a mountain; the broken pieces become holy hills of the south and the island of Lanka.

Local story

The pebble the myna dropped (Jalodbhava, Satisara and Hari Parbat)

Kashmir was the lake Satisara, and the demon Jalodbhava in it could not be killed in water. Kashyapa brings the gods to Naubandhana; Ananta splits the mountain with his plough, the lake drains, and Vishnu takes the demon's head with the discus. Srinagar's tradition adds that the Goddess, as a myna, dropped a pebble from Sumeru on the demon that grew into Hari Parbat, and Navreh is the day she settled there.

Festival story

The night the prison opened (Krishna's birth)

Warned that Devaki's eighth child will kill him, Kamsa imprisons her and Vasudeva and kills their sons. The eighth is born at midnight; the chains fall, Vasudeva carries him across the flooded Yamuna to Gokul and brings back Yashoda's daughter, who escapes Kamsa and rises as the Goddess. The Harivamsha has Vishnu send the goddess Nidra to be born that night.

Festival story

The morning the world began (Brahma on the lotus)

Brahma wakes on a lotus from Vishnu's navel, lost in dark water, and searches the stalk for a hundred years. A voice tells him to practise austerity; Vishnu appears and tells him to make the worlds. The almanacs say he began at sunrise on the first bright day of Chaitra, which is Ugadi.