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Also calledPrajapatiPitamahaChaturmukhaSvayambhuHiranyagarbhaVidhataViranchiKamalasanaPhra Phrom

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Why Ranganatha Faces South The Gatekeepers of Vaikuntha

At a glance

TraditionSmarta
FacesFour

bearded, looking out to the four directions; the fifth was cut off by Shiva

ColourRed or golden

the colour of the creative fire

Who Brahma is

Brahma is the creator, the first of the three great gods, the Trimurti, of whom Vishnu preserves and Shiva destroys. He sits on a lotus that grows from Vishnu's navel, with four faces looking out to the four directions, and out of his four mouths came the four Vedas. He makes the world at the start of each cosmic day and it is unmade when his day ends, after more than four billion years.

He is also the god who writes fate. When a child is born, people say, Brahma writes its life on its forehead, and what he has written comes to pass.

Hiranyagarbhah samavartatagre: in the beginning arose the golden embryo. The Rigveda's hymn to the creator, who became Brahma.

And yet he is the least worshipped of the great gods. His temples can be counted on the fingers. The stories give reasons. He told a lie at the pillar of fire, claiming he had found its top, and Shiva cursed him to have no worship. He grew so proud of his fifth head that Bhairava pinched it off. At Pushkar, his wife Savitri cursed him for marrying another while he waited for her. In the Puranas he is usually the god who gives boons, to demons as well as to sages, and then the other gods must deal with the result.

The few places that do worship him make up for it. Pushkar, by its lake, is his great pilgrimage. At Tirupattur in Tamil Nadu he sits in meditation, and people bring him their horoscopes to rewrite. And far from India, in Bangkok, the four-faced Phra Phrom of the Erawan Shrine is one of the most visited images in all of Asia.

Before the Puranas

The Vedic roots of Brahma

Brahma grew out of the Vedic creator. The Rigveda has several hymns that wonder how the world began: one asks who the golden embryo, Hiranyagarbha, was, the god who arose in the beginning; another wonders whether even the highest god knows. In the later Vedic texts, the Brahmanas, the creator is Prajapati, the lord of creatures, who makes the world by sacrificing himself.

The word brahman, in the neuter, was at first the power of the sacred word, and in the Upanishads the ultimate reality behind everything. The masculine Brahma, the god who creates, was its personal face. By the time of the Buddha he was well known: the Pali canon treats Brahma as a class of high gods, and has Brahma Sahampati kneel before the Buddha and ask him to teach.

In the Mahabharata and the early Puranas, Brahma is still very great, the grandfather of the world, Pitamaha, whom everyone visits for advice. The idea of the Trimurti, with Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as three faces of one power, appears in the Maitri Upanishad and became standard in the Puranas. But the Puranas were written by Vaishnavas and Shaivas, and in them Brahma became the lesser partner, born from Vishnu's navel, humbled by Shiva.

Outside India he kept more of his greatness. He was carved in the temples of Angkor in Cambodia and of Java, and in Thailand, as Phra Phrom, he is still a guardian whose shrines are everywhere.

See how the Vedic gods became the Puranic ones →

Every story about Brahma

legend · Pan-India · Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh; Sambhar, Rajasthan; Badami, KarnatakaThe Goddess of a Hundred Eyes local · South India · Swamimalai, near Kumbakonam, Tamil NaduThe Boy Who Taught His Father folk · Southeast Asia · Ratchaprasong, Bangkok, ThailandThe Four Faces at Ratchaprasong local · South India · Tirupattur, near Tiruchirappalli, Tamil NaduThe Temple Where Fate Is Rewritten folk · East India · Uruvela (Bodh Gaya), BiharBrahma Kneels Before the Buddha legend · North India · Kashi (Varanasi), Uttar PradeshThe Skull in Bhairava's Hand local · South India · Tirumala, Andhra PradeshThe Cow That Fed the Anthill legend · Pan-Indian · Kerala's Bhagavati templesThe Goddess from the Poison festival · South and West India · Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and MaharashtraThe Morning the World Began festival · North and East IndiaThe First Sound legend · Told across India · the Shakta PuranasBorn from the Tongue legend · Told across India · the HimalayaThe Daughter of the Mountain legend · Told across IndiaThe Garland in the Dust legend · Told across India · the Ganga and the Tamil southThe Child with Six Mothers legend · Told across India · the Shakta PuranasThe Three Wives of Vaikuntha legend · Told across India · and Tiruchengode, Tamil NaduHalf of Him local · Western India · Pushkar, RajasthanThe Wife Who Came Late epic · Told across India · Lanka and the HimalayaThe Word on the Giant's Tongue local · Western India · Kolhapur, MaharashtraThe Hundred Years of Karavira legend · South India and Kashmir · Sringeri and Sharada PeethThe Judge Who Was Saraswati local · South India · Madurai, Tamil NaduForty-Eight Letters local · South India · Kanchi and Tiruvannamalai, Tamil NaduThe Hill of Fire legend · Told across India · and BengalThe Light That Became a Woman festival · Western India and across India · Raksha BandhanThe Thread on Bali's Wrist local · Srirangam, Tamil NaduWhy Ranganatha Faces South legend · Told across IndiaThe Gatekeepers of Vaikuntha legend · Told across IndiaPrahlada and the Man-Lion legend · Told across India; TirumalaBhrigu's Kick legend · Told across IndiaThe Thieves of the Vedas legend · Told across IndiaThe Teacher Who Walked Out legend · Told across IndiaThe Night Inside the Mountain's Daughter legend · Told across IndiaThe Parade of Ants legend · VedicThe Thunderbolt Maker local · Western India · Prabhasa (Somnath) and PushkarThe Fire She Carried legend · VedicThe Boar and the Tortoise festival · Told across India on Ganesh Chaturthi · Mithila, BiharThe Moon Who Laughed at Ganesha legend · Told across IndiaTara and the Child of the Moon legend · Told across India · Prabhasa (Somnath), GujaratThe Moon and the Twenty-Seven Sisters legend · Told across IndiaHanuman Leaps for the Sun legend · Told across IndiaThe Day the Sun Went Dark legend · VedicThe Boar Beyond Seven Hills legend · VedicThe Bowstring and the Ants epic · Told across India · the MahabharataThe Fire That Could Not Lie legend · VedicIndra and the Dragon epic · From the MahabharataAgni and the Khandava Forest legend · Told across IndiaThe Three Cities and the Single Arrow legend · Told across IndiaThe Pillar of Fire legend · Told across IndiaHow Parvati Won Shiva legend · Told across IndiaSati and the Sacrifice legend · Told across IndiaGanga in His Hair legend · Told across IndiaThe Blue Throat

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